CLAT - GK Including Current Affairs

Uttarakhand Forest Fires Hit 144 Hectares Since February; Garhwal Worst-Hit Ahead of Tourist Peak

CURRENT AFFAIRS | ENVIRONMENT | 29 APRIL 2026

CLAT GK + ENVIRONMENT LAW | Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 | Article 48A

Forest fires have ravaged at least 144 hectares across Uttarakhand since February 2026, with the Garhwal region — including Pauri, Tehri, Chamoli and Rudraprayag — bearing the brunt ahead of the peak Char Dham Yatra tourist season. Over 1,000 fire alerts have been logged in April alone; Chamoli district has seen 62 incidents in Badrinath Forest Division and 48 in Kedarnath Wildlife Division. The state Forest Department has cancelled all staff leave. With more than 90% of fires classified as ‘man-made’ — slash-and-burn for collecting Mahua/chir-pine resin, intentional burning of undergrowth, lit cigarette butts — the crisis foregrounds the unfinished business of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the Forest Survey of India’s early-warning systems, and the constitutional duties under Article 48A and Article 51A(g).

Background

Uttarakhand’s forest cover is ~24,303 sq km (45% of geographical area). The fire season typically runs February-June, peaking in May. Conifer-heavy chir-pine forests are uniquely fire-prone: pine needles (locally called pirul) form a thick, resinous, slow-decomposing carpet that ignites at low temperatures. Climate change has lengthened dry spells; 2024 saw record fires in Almora and Nainital, 2026 is on track to be worse. The 144-hectare February-onwards figure is provisional — Forest Survey of India satellite alerts will likely revise it upward as the May peak approaches. Garhwal’s prominence reflects both ecological vulnerability and human pressure from the upcoming Char Dham Yatra (April-November).

Want structured CLAT preparation? Try our free 5-day Bodh Demo Course with live classes and expert guidance. Start Free →

Key Facts at a Glance

  • Affected area (Feb-Apr 2026): ≥144 hectares; 1,000+ fire alerts in April.
  • Worst-hit region: Garhwal (Pauri, Tehri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag).
  • Worst-hit district: Chamoli — 62 fires in Badrinath FD, 48 in Kedarnath Wildlife Division.
  • Cause classification: >90% man-made (FSI data).
  • Monitoring agency: Forest Survey of India (Dehradun) — issues VIIRS/MODIS-based real-time fire alerts.
  • Uttarakhand forest cover: ~24,303 sq km / 45% of state area.
  • Key fuel: Chir-pine needles (pirul) — flammable resinous mat.

Constitutional / Legal Framework

  • Article 48A (DPSP) — State shall protect and improve environment, forests and wildlife (added by 42nd Amendment, 1976).
  • Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty) — citizens to protect natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife.
  • Article 21 — judicially expanded to include the right to a clean environment (Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, 1991).
  • Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 — Central Government approval required for diversion of forest land; amended in 2023 (renamed Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam).
  • Indian Forest Act, 1927 — categorises Reserved, Protected, Village forests.
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 — protects fauna and habitats threatened by fires.
  • Environment Protection Act, 1986 — umbrella legislation post-Bhopal.
  • National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 — specialised forum for environmental adjudication.
  • Landmark cases: T N Godavarman v. Union of India (1996, continuing mandamus); M C Mehta v. UoI (multiple); Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v. UoI (1996, polluter-pays + precautionary principle); Subhash Kumar (1991).

CLAT Relevance

  • Environment-Law passage potential: Forest fires + Article 48A + Article 51A(g) is a classic dual-source CLAT angle.
  • Trap: ‘Forest Conservation Act’ is 1980 (NOT 1927 — that’s the colonial Indian Forest Act). The Wildlife Protection Act is 1972.
  • Doctrinal trio: Polluter-pays, Precautionary Principle, Sustainable Development — all read into Indian law via Vellore Citizens.
  • GK fact: India State of Forest Report (ISFR) — published bi-annually by Forest Survey of India (Dehradun) under MoEFCC.
  • Application: If the State permits a road through reserved forest leading to increased fire risk, can a citizen invoke Article 32? — yes, via Article 21 expansion.
  • Climate angle: NAPCC (2008) — 8 missions including Green India Mission (5 mha afforestation target).

Test Yourself

10 MCQs on forest law, Article 48A, landmark environmental cases and Uttarakhand’s fire crisis:

[cg_concept_quiz id=”uttarakhand-forest-fires-2026″ data=”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”]

Share this article
Test User
Written by Test User

Ready to Crack CLAT?

This article covers just one topic. Our courses cover the entire CLAT syllabus with 500+ hours of live classes, 10,000+ practice questions, and personal mentorship from top faculty.

500+Hours of Classes
10,000+Practice Questions
50+Mock Tests
Start your CLAT prep with a free 5-day demo course Start Free Trial →